THE SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL ONE

THE SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL ONE

Here is the list of president-parliamentary and premier-presidential regimes that I am currently working with (as of 17 August 2011).
These terms were first defined by Matthew Shugart and John Carey in Presidents and Assemblies. Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
The distinction between the two terms can be expressed as follows:
President-parliamentarism is a form of semi-presidentialism where the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to both the legislature and the president.
Premier-presidentialism is a form of semi-presidentialism where the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible solely to the legislature.
If there are any classification errors, then do please let me know:
Current president-parliamentary countries:
Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Burkina Faso (1991-), Central African Republic, Gabon, Georgia, Guinea-Bissau, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar (2010-), Mauritania (2009-), Mozambique, Namibia, Peru, Russia, Rwanda, Senegal (2001-), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Ukraine (2011-), Yemen
Current premier-presidential countries:
Algeria, Armenia (2006-), Bulgaria, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Croatia (2001-), Dem. Rep. of Congo, Egypt, Finland, France, Haiti, Ireland, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mali, Mongolia, Montenegro, Niger, Poland, Portugal (1983-), Romania, São Tomé e Príncipe (2003-), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Timor-Leste, Togo, Turkey
The above lists include countries that have had more than one period of semi-presidentialism (e.g. Central African Republic), but which are currently semi-presidential and which have always had the same form of semi-presidentialism.
In addition, there are countries that are no longer semi-presidential or which are currently semi-presidential but which have changed their form of semi-presidentialism over time. These cases are captured in the following lists.
Historic cases of president-parliamentarism:
Angola, Armenia (1995-2005), Burkina Faso (1978-1983), Burundi, Comoros, Croatia (1991-2000), Cuba, Germany (Weimar Republic), Madagascar (1996-2009), Mauritania (2006-2008), Portugal (1976-1982), São Tomé e Príncipe (1990-2002), Senegal (1970-1983), South Vietnam, Tunisia, Ukraine (1996-2006)
Historic cases of premier-presidentialism:
Burkina Faso (1970-1974), Congo-Brazzaville, Kenya, Madagascar (1992-1995), Mauritania (1991-2005), Moldova, Senegal (1991-2000), Ukraine (2007-2010)
Related posts:
Current list of semi-presidential countries
List of historic semi-presidential countries
Definition of semi-presidentialism, presidentialism and parliamentarism
List of president-parliamentary and premier-presidential countries with dates
Thursday 18 August 2011